Capacitor mismatch independent gain stage for pipeline analog to digital converters

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus are arranged for minimizing the effects of capacitor mismatch errors in pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADC). The virtual elimination of capacitor mismatch effects is achieved without trading comparator offset margin by an appropriate selection of comparator circuits&#39; reference signals and the inclusion of a plurality of capacitors that are switched into an appropriate feedback position. The appropriate feedback position in the switched capacitor amplifier circuit is determined based on the operating region. For each of k pipeline stage, a method includes: determining an operating region of a sampled analog input signal for a predetermined transfer curve, and computing digital code bits and an improved residue signal for this stage based on the determined operating region, and then computing a final conversion code from the digital code bits of the k pipeline stages.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention related to the field of analog to digitalconverters, and in particular, to a method and apparatus directed tomultistage pipelined analog to digital converters with improvedperformance when subject to capacitor mismatches.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that takes an analogdata signal and converts it into a digital code, i.e. “digitizes” theanalog signal. Since the mid-1970's analog-to-digital converters haveemployed a variety of architectures, such as the integrating,successive-approximation, flash, and the delta-sigma architectures.Recently, the pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has become apopular ADC architecture for use in high-speed applications such as CCDimaging, ultrasonic medical imaging, digital videos, cable modems, andfast Ethernets. Pipelined ADCs are typically chosen because of theirhigh accuracy, high throughput rates, and low power consumption.Moreover, the pipeline architecture generally provides betterperformance for a given power and die area than other ADC architectures.

An example of a conventional k-stage pipelined ADC (100) is shown inFIG. 1. As shown in the figure, the conventional k-stage pipelined ADC(100) includes an array of k gain stages (102) and a decoder logiccircuit (104). Each of the gain stages (102) is connected in series tothe previous gain stage (102). Each gain stage (102) is also connectedto the decoder logic circuit (104).

In operation, an analog input voltage (V_(in)) is provided to the firstgain stage (102). The first gain stage (102) samples the analog inputvoltage (V_(in)) and converts it to a first digital coefficient (n₁).The first coefficient (n₁) is processed by the decoder logic circuit(104) to provide the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of a digital datarepresentation of the analog input voltage (V_(in)). The first gainstage (102) also converts the first digital coefficient (n₁) back to ananalog representation. The analog representation is subtracted from thesampled analog input voltage (V_(in)) and multiplied by a gainmultiplier to provide a “residue” voltage. The residue voltage(V_(res)(1)) from the first gain stage (102) becomes the analog inputvoltage to the next gain stage (102) of the pipeline. That is,V_(in)(2)=V_(res)(1). The residue voltage (V_(res)(i)) continues throughthe pipeline of gain stages (102), providing another digital coefficient(n_(i)) based on the digital representation of the input to that gainstage, as described above.

The overall digital representation of the analog voltage input (V_(in))is obtained by concatenating the k digital coefficients (n₁ throughn_(k)) from the array of k gain stages (102) through the decoder logiccircuit (104).

Digital error correction logic is typically used to improve the accuracyof conversions by providing overlap between the quantization ranges ofadjacent gain stages (102) in the pipeline. An architecture that makesuse of this correction to a 1-bit per stage pipeline ADC is a 1.5-bitper stage pipeline topology.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating ideal transfer characteristics of a1.5-bit per stage conventional pipeline ADC such as illustrated in FIG.1. In the 1.5-bit architecture, there are two thresholds or transitionpoints in the transfer curve, resulting in three operating regions. Eachstage of the 1.5-bit architecture effectively converts only one bit ofinformation. The extra region (as compared to a 1-bit per stagetopology) is used for redundancy. That is, the extra bit of informationis combined with the digital outputs from subsequent gain stages (102)in the pipeline to generate another bit.

As shown in FIG. 2, the input voltage (V_(in)) appears along the x-axisand illustrates that the resolvable input range of the ADC is given by:−V_(ref)<V_(in)<+V_(ref).

Two transition points appear along the x-axis. The first transitionpoint occurs at V_(in) equal to −V_(ref)/4 and the second transitionpoint occurs at V_(in) equal to V_(ref)/4. The two transition pointsdivide the operating range for the input voltage (V_(in)) into threeoperating regions, where two bits (00, 01, and 10) of the digital outputof each stage characterize the entire range. Further, the slope of eachcurve reflects the gain multiplier employed in the gain stage (102) ofFIG. 1.

Operationally, the gain stage (102) examines the input (V_(in)(i)) anddetermines whether the input is less than the first transition point,−V_(ref)/4. If V_(in)(i) is less than the first transition point(−V_(ref)/4) then the digital code output for the gain stage (102) is00. Similarly, a digital output code of 01 is generated for V_(in)(i)between the first transition point, −V_(ref)/4, and the secondtransition point (V_(ref)/4). If V_(in)(i) is greater than the secondtransition point, V_(ref)/4, the ideal transfer characteristicsgenerates a digital output code of 10.

Moreover, the output residue voltage (V_(res)(i)) is generated by thefollowing transfer function:

V _(res)(i)=2^(M) ·V _(in)(i)−D _(i) ·V _(ref)  (EQ 1)

where M is the number of effective bits that are being generated bystage i, 2 ^(M) represents the gain multiplier for the gain stage (102),and D_(i) is a constant determined by the digital representation of theanalog input voltage (V_(in)), having possible values of −1, 0, and 1.For the 1.5-bit per stage ADC, the number of effective bits (M) is one.The output residue voltage (V_(res)(i)) generated at the i^(th) gainstage (102) becomes the analog input voltage (V_(in)(i+1)) to the nextgain stage (102).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus thatproduces a pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with improvedlinearity for a given capacitor mismatch, while retaining comparatoroffset margins. A capacitor circuit is selectively switched into thefeedback position of a switched capacitor amplifier circuit depending onthe region of operation of an input signal in a pipeline stage. There isa one-to-one correspondence between the number of capacitor circuit tobe employed in the feedback and a given number of operating regions. Anappropriate selection of comparator circuits' reference signals isemployed to retain comparator offset margin, while reducing thelinearity errors resulting from capacitor mismatch.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an apparatusis directed to producing digital output signals from an analog inputsignal in a pipelined stage that includes a sample mode and a hold mode.The apparatus includes a first capacitor circuit, a second capacitorcircuit, a third capacitor circuit, a comparator circuit, an amplifiercircuit, and first and second selection circuits. The first capacitorcircuit is coupled to the analog input signal during the sample modesuch that the first capacitor circuit is charged by the analog inputsignal. The second capacitor circuit is coupled to the analog inputsignal during the sample mode such that the second capacitor circuit ischarged by the analog input signal. The third capacitor circuit iscoupled to a circuit ground potential during the sample mode such thatthe third capacitor is discharged. The comparator circuit is coupled tothe analog input signal, and first and second sampling reference signalsthat are pre-selected to minimize transition height errors, thecomparator circuit providing an output code in response to the analoginput signal and the first and second sampling reference signals,wherein the output code correspond to one of at least three operatingregions for the analog input signal during the sample mode. Theamplifier circuit is coupled to the first, second, and third capacitancecircuits during the hold mode. The first selection circuit is arrangedto couple a selected one of the first, second, and third capacitancecircuits between an input and an output of the amplifier circuit inresponse to the output code during the hold mode. The second selectioncircuit is arranged to couple the other of the capacitor circuitsbetween a respective hold reference signal and the input of theamplifier circuit, wherein the hold reference signals and the selectedcapacitor are determined by the output code, and the output of theamplifier circuit during the hold mode corresponds to a residue signalin a pipelined converter.

The apparatus above can be extended by further including a fourthcapacitor circuit and a third sampling reference signal. The fourthcapacitor circuit is coupled to the circuit ground potential during thesample mode such that the fourth capacitor is discharged. The thirdsampling reference signal is coupled to the comparator circuit, whereinthe comparator circuit is arranged to provide an output code in responseto the analog input signal, and the first, second and third samplingreference signals such that the output code corresponds to one of atleast four operating regions for the analog input signal during thesample mode. The first selection circuit is arranged to couple aselected one of the first, second, third and fourth capacitance circuitsbetween an input and an output of the amplifier circuit in response tothe output code, and the second selection circuit is arranged to couplethe other of the capacitor circuits between a respective hold referencesignal and the input of the amplifier circuit, wherein the holdreference signals and the selected capacitor are determined by theoutput code, and the output of the amplifier circuit during the holdmode corresponds to a residue signal in a pipelined converter.

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method isdirected converting an analog input signal to a conversion code, in aconverter with multiple pipelined stages. The method includes samplingthe analog input signal from one of the analog input signal and animproved residue signal from a preceding one of the pipelined stages toproduce a sampled analog signal, comparing the sampled analog signal totransition points on a transfer curve, wherein the transition points arearranged to partition an analog input range into multiple operatingregions, providing a digital code in response to the comparison betweenthe sampled analog signal and the transition points such that thedigital code corresponds to a selected one of the multiple operatingregions, producing an improved residue signal in response to the digitalcode and the sampled analog input signal such that the improved residuesignal corresponds to a point along the transfer curve in the selectedone of the multiple operating regions, and computing the conversion codefrom the digital codes from each stage in the pipelined converter, suchthat offset margins in the transfer curve that occur at the transitionpoints are retained, and transition height errors that occur at thetransition points are eliminated.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, circuit is directed tominimizing the effects of capacitor mismatch errors in a conversion codegenerated by a k-pipelined analog to digital converter in response to ananalog input signal. The circuit includes k pipeline stages and adecoder logic circuit. The k pipeline stages are arranged in sequencesuch that an input signal to each subsequent pipeline stage is providedby a residue signal from a preceding pipeline stage. Each pipeline stageincludes a plurality of capacitors, a comparison circuit, an amplifiercircuit, wherein one of the plurality of capacitors is selectivelyswitched into a feedback position of the amplifier circuit, thecomparison circuit is arranged to produce a plurality of digital codebits, and the amplifier provides the residue signal in response to theinput signal such that the plurality of digital code bits correspond toan operating region of the input signal, and a plurality of transitionpoints define the operating regions such that transition height errorsthat occur from capacitor mismatches are minimized. The decoder logiccircuit is arranged to produce a conversion code in response to theplurality of digital code bits from each of the k pipeline stages.

A more complete appreciation of the present invention and itsimprovements can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings,which are briefly summarized below, to the following detail descriptionof presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and to the appendedclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a conventionalarchitecture of a pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC); and

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an ideal transfer curve for aconventional 1.5-bit per stage structure of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating switching circuit for theexemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a switching table illustrating switch configurations for theswitching circuit shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of an exemplaryembodiment similar to FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating comparator offset andtransition height error for a 1.5 bit per stage pipelinedanalog-to-digital converter (ADC);

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating transition error between D_(i)=0 andD_(i)=1 as a function of the location of the transition point;

FIG. 9 is an operational logic diagram illustrating the operation of oneembodiment;

FIG. 10 is schematic diagrams illustrating a transfer curve for one gainstage of another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodimentimplementing the transfer curve of FIG. 10, in accordance with thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of theinvention, reference is made to the accompanied drawings, which form apart hereof, and which are shown by way of illustration, specificexemplary embodiments of which the invention may be practiced. Theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood thatother embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thefollowing detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in alimiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined only by theappended claims. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate likeparts throughout the views.

Throughout the specification, and in the claims, the term “connected”means a direct electrical connection between the things that areconnected, without any intermediary devices. The term “coupled” meanseither a direct electrical connection between the things that areconnected, or an indirect connection through one or more passive oractive intermediary devices. The term “circuit” means one or morepassive and/or active components that are arranged to cooperate with oneanother to provide a desired function. The term “signal” means at leastone current signal, voltage signal or data signal. The meaning of “a”,“an”, and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes“in” and “on.”

The present invention relates to a pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter(ADC) architecture that is directed at reducing the effect ofnonlinearity errors due to capacitor mismatches in the pipeline stagewithout giving up comparator offset margin.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first example of animproved 1.5-bit per stage pipeline ADC in accordance with the presentinvention. As will be described in more detail below, the presentinvention has identified that capacitors and comparators found in ADCsmay cause digital conversion errors. Capacitors may introducenonlinearity errors because of a mismatch of capacitance between thecapacitors employed in the circuit. Comparators may introduce additionalerrors that appear as offset errors in the reference signals. The newpipeline ADC (300) employs improved 1.5-bit gain stages (302) that aredirected at minimizing the errors in digital conversions that arise dueto capacitor mismatches in a circuit, without giving up comparatoroffset error margins.

The new pipeline ADC (300), shown in FIG. 3, includes an array of kimproved 1.5-bit gain stages (302), an optional flash converter (304),and a decoder logic circuit (104).

In FIG. 3, each improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302) is coupled in seriesto the next improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302). The k^(th) improved1.5-bit gain stage (302) is coupled to the optional flash converter(304). Each of the k improved 1.5-bit gain stages (302) are also coupledto the decoder logic circuit (104). In addition, the optional flashconverter (304) also is coupled to the decoder logic circuit (104).

In operation, stage one of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302)receives an analog input signal (V_(in)) to be quantized. The analoginput signal (V_(in)) is often a time varying analog signal. The 1.5-bitgain stage (302) includes a sample and hold circuit that is used toperiodically store the analog signal at an instant of time correspondingto a sampling frequency. The new pipeline ADC (300) employs the storedanalog signal as the analog input signal during the conversion cycle. Itis understood and appreciated that slow time varying input signals maynot require a sample and hold circuit (i.e., the conversion time is anorder of magnitude faster than the fastest frequency component of thetime varying analog input signal). For the purposes of the discussionbelow, the sampled analog input signal or the “raw” analog input signalis referred to simply as the analog input signal (V_(in)).

Stage one of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302) quantizes the sampledanalog input signal (V_(in)) to three levels, where one of the levelsmay be employed for redundancy. The quantized signal of the first stageof the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302) provides the higher weight bits(HWB) to the decoder logic (104). Additionally, the improved 1.5-bitgain stage (304) converts the quantized signal to an analogrepresentation (not shown). The analog representation is subtracted fromthe sampled analog input signal (V_(in)) and the result is multiplied bya factor of two 2 ^(M), M=1) to provide a residue signal (V_(res)) thatis passed to the next improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302) for furtherconversions. As described earlier, the analog input signal (V_(in)) forsubsequent stages is the residue signal (V_(res)) of the prior stage.This process continues for each stage of the new pipeline ADC (300)until the optional flash converter (304). The optional flash converter(304) receives, as its input signal, the residue signal (V_(res)(k))from the k^(th) improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302). The optional flashconverter (304) converts the residue signal (V_(res)(k)) into theredundant least significant bits. The redundant least significant bitsare provided to the decoder logic (104), which produces an improveddigital code “D.”

FIG. 4 illustrates a possible implementation of a multiplying digital toanalog converter (DAC) switching circuit (400) for the present inventionshown in FIG. 3. The multiplying DAC switching circuit (400) includes ofan interstage amplifier section (420) and a comparator section (430) forthe improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302).

The interstage amplifier section (420) includes an amplifier circuit(462), an array of switching circuits (SW1-SW11), a first capacitorcircuit (C1), a second capacitor circuit (C2), and a third capacitorcircuit (C3). The capacitor circuits (C1-C3) are selected to haveapproximately the same capacitance values. However, as will be describedin more detail below, the present invention improves theanalog-to-digital conversion results even when there is a mismatch inthe capacitance values.

The first capacitor (C1) is coupled between nodes N406 and N404. Thesecond capacitor (C2) is coupled between nodes N408 and N404. The thirdcapacitor is coupled between nodes N410 and N404. The amplifier circuit(462) is coupled on its inverting input to node N404. The amplifiercircuit's (462) non-inverting input is coupled to a circuit groundpotential (GND). The output of the amplifier circuit (462) is coupled tonode N402.

Switching circuit SW1 is coupled between node N404 and a circuit groundpotential (GND). Switching circuit SW4 is coupled between nodes N416 andN406. Switching circuit SW5 is coupled between nodes N402 and N406.Switching circuit SW6 is coupled between nodes N412 and N406. Switchingcircuit SW10 is coupled between nodes N412 and N408. Switching circuitSW3 is coupled between nodes N402 and N408. Switching circuit SW8 iscoupled between nodes N414 and N408. Switching circuit SW2 is coupledbetween nodes N416 and N410. Switching circuit SW9 is coupled betweennodes N414 and N410. Switching circuit SW7 is coupled between nodes N402and N410. Switching circuit SW11 is coupled between the circuit groundpotential (GND) and node N410.

The comparator section (430) includes two comparator circuits (464 and466) and two switching circuits (SW12-SW13). The analog input signal(V_(in)) is coupled to a non-inverting input of the comparator circuit(464). A reference signal of V_(ref)/4 is coupled to an inverting inputof the comparator circuit (464). An output of the comparator circuit(464) is coupled through node N420 to switching circuit (SW12).

Additionally, the analog input signal (V_(in)) is coupled to anon-inverting input of the comparator circuit (466). A reference signalof −V_(ref)/4 is coupled to an inverting input of the comparator circuit(466). An output of the comparator circuit (466) is coupled through nodeN422 to the switching circuit (SW13).

The switching circuits SW12-SW13 are intended to illustrate latching ofthe output signals at the end of the sampling mode for the comparatorsection (430) described in detail below. The switching circuits SW12 andSW13 and are not representative of physical switching circuits.

Moreover, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the artthat the operating modes illustrated in FIG. 4 may be implemented in avariety of ways. For example, the operating modes of FIG. 4 may beimplemented as an open loop sampling circuit, a closed loop samplingcircuit, or other electronic circuit arrangements that provide a samplemode and a hold mode, without departing from the scope or spirit of theinvention.

The reference signals may be generated by any appropriate method, andthe method employed should not be construed as limiting the scope of theinvention. For example, the reference signals may be generated by aseries of resistor circuits coupled between a high reference and a lowreference signal, a band gap reference, or any other type of referencegenerator without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.

Generalized Operation

The multiplying DAC switching circuit (400) illustrated in FIG. 4 hastwo operating modes, a sample mode, and a hold mode. The hold modefurther includes three sub-modes. The sub-modes are determined by therange of the sampled analog input signal (V_(in)) as will be describedin more detail below.

The multiplying DAC switching circuit (400) in FIG. 4 is generallyoperated with two non-overlapping clock signals (not shown). A firstclock signal determines the sampling mode's time period, while a secondsignal determines the hold modes' time period. During operation, theclock signals determine which of the switching circuits (SW1-SW13) areopen and closed.

In describing the operation of the multiplying DAC switching circuit(400) illustrated in FIG. 4, reference will be made to the switchconfiguration table shown in FIG. 5. Each switching circuit that is in aclosed state is designated by an “X,” while a switching circuit that isin an open state is designated by an empty entry in the table. When aswitching circuit is in the closed state, signals flow through theswitch. An “open switching circuit” isolates signals such that signalsdo not flow through the switching circuit.

The operation of the sample and hold modes will be discussed below withreference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

First Operating Mode (Sample Mode)

In the first operating mode, switching circuits SW1, SW6, and SW10-SW13are closed and an analog input signal (V_(in)) is continuously sampled.Additionally, the analog input signal (V_(in)) is compared to referencesignal values (−V_(ref)/4 and V_(ref)/4) to provide two digital codebits (D_(i)(N1) and Di(N2)).

The capacitor circuits (C1-C3) are coupled to the circuit groundpotential (GND) through switching circuit SW1. The third capacitorcircuit (C3) is discharged through switching circuits SW1 and SW11.Moreover, the first and second capacitor circuits (C1 and C2) arecoupled to the analog input signal (V_(in)) such that they “follow” theinput signal.

Operationally, when the comparator circuit (464) of the comparatorsection (430) determines that the analog input signal (V_(in)) is lessthe reference signal level, V_(ref)4, the first digital code bit(D_(i)(N1)) will be set to 0. If the analog input signal (V_(in)) isgreater than the V_(ref)/4, the first digital code bit (D_(i)(N1)) willbe set to 1. Similarly, the comparator circuit (466) will compare theanalog input signal (V_(in)) to the reference signal level −V_(ref)/4 todetermine the value of the second digital code bit (D_(i)(N2)).Additionally, the two digital code bits (D_(i)(N1,N2)) will be combinedto produce a signed coefficient (D_(i)).

When the analog input signal (V_(in)) is less than −V_(ref)/4, thecomparator section (430) will generate the two digital code bits(D_(i)(N1,N2)) of 00, and D_(i)=−1. When the analog input signal(V_(in)) is between −V_(ref)/4 and V_(ref)/4, the comparator section(430) will generate the two digital code bits (D_(i)(N1,N2)) of 01, andD_(i)=0. Moreover, when the analog input signal (V_(in)) is greater thanV_(ref)/4, the comparator section (430) will generate the two digitalcode bits (D_(i)(N1,N2)) of 10, and D_(i)=1. The value of signedcoefficient (D_(i)) will be employed to determine which of the threesubmodes of the hold operating mode is exercised.

Second Operating Mode (Hold Modes)

In the second operating mode of the multiplying DAC switching circuit(400) switching circuits SW1, SW6, and SW10-SW13 are open. When SW6 andSW10 are opened, capacitors C1 and C2 hold the sampled analog inputsignal (V_(in)). The positions of the switching circuits (SW2-SW5,SW7-SW8) are determined by the value of the signed coefficient (D_(i)),as will be discussed below.

Hold Submode for D_(i)=−1

In one hold submode, the analog input signal (V_(in)) is less than thereference signal −V_(ref)/4, as indicated by D_(i)=−1. As shown in FIG.5, switching circuits SW5, SW9, and SW8 are closed, and the remainingswitching circuits are open. The first capacitor circuit (C1) is coupledto the output of the amplifier circuit (462) through switching circuitSW5. The second capacitor circuit (C2) is coupled to reference signal−V_(ref)/2 through switching circuit SW8. The third capacitor circuit(C3) also is coupled to −V_(ref)/2 through switching circuit SW9.

Operationally, the reference signal −V_(ref)/2 provides a signal to thesecond and third capacitor circuits (C2, C3) through switching circuitsSW8 and SW9, respectively. The second and third capacitor circuits (C2,C3) produces a gain that is set by capacitor ratios determined by C2/C1and C3/C1. The first capacitor circuit (C1) provides a feedback path forthe output residue signal (V_(res)) of the amplifier circuit (462) tothe summing junction at node N404.

As the third capacitor (C3) was shorted to ground during the samplemode, only the first and second capacitor circuits (C1, C2) provide thesampled analog input signal (V_(in)) (factored by a capacitor ratio) tothe amplifier circuit's (462) inverting input through node N404.

The output signal of the amplifier circuit (462) at node N402 is theresidue signal (V_(res)) of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302). Theresidue signal (V_(res)) for this stage is used as the analog inputsignal (V_(in)) to the next stage of the new pipeline ADC (300) in FIG.3.

Hold Submode for D_(i)=0

In this hold submode, the analog input signal (V_(in)) is between thereference signals −V_(ref)/4 and V_(ref)/4, as indicated by D_(i)=0. Theswitching circuits SW4, SW7, and SW8 are closed, and the remainingswitching circuits are open. The third capacitor circuit (C3) is coupledto the output of the amplifier circuit (462) through switching circuitSW7. The first capacitor circuit (C1) is coupled to reference signal+V_(ref)/2 through switching circuit SW4. The second capacitor circuit(C2) is coupled to −V_(ref)/2 through switching circuit SW8.

Operationally, the reference signal +V_(ref)/2 provides a signal to thefirst capacitor circuit (C1) through switching circuit SW4. Thereference signal −V_(ref)/2 provides a signal to the second capacitorcircuit (C2) through switching circuit SW8. The first and secondcapacitor circuits (C1, C2) produces a gain set by capacitor ratiosdetermined by C1/C3 and C2/C3. Additionally, the third capacitor circuit(C3) provides a feedback path for the output residue signal (V_(res)) ofthe amplifier circuit (462) to the summing junction at node N404.

As the third capacitor (C3) was shorted to ground during the samplemode, only the first and second capacitor circuits (C1, C2) provide thesampled analog input signal (V_(in)) (factored by a capacitor ratio) tothe amplifier circuit's (462) inverting input through node N404.

The output signal of the amplifier circuit (462) at node N402 is theresidue signal (V_(res)) of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302). Theresidue signal (V_(res)) for this stage is used as the analog inputsignal (V_(in)) to the next stage of the new pipeline ADC (300) in FIG.3.

Hold Submode for D_(i)=1

In this submode, the analog input signal (V_(in)) is greater than thereference signals V_(ref)/4, as indicated by D_(i)=1. The switchingcircuits SW2, SW3, and SW4 are closed, and the remaining switchingcircuits are open. The second capacitor circuit (C2) is coupled to theoutput of the amplifier circuit (462) through switching circuit SW3. Thefirst capacitor circuit (C1) is coupled to reference signal +V_(ref)/2through switching circuit SW4. The third capacitor circuit (C3) also iscoupled to +V_(ref)/2 through switching circuit SW2.

Operationally, the reference signal value of +V_(ref)/2 provides asignal to the first capacitor circuit (C1) through switching circuitSW4. The reference signal +V_(ref)/2 also provides a signal to the thirdcapacitor circuit (C3) through switching circuit SW2. The first andthird capacitor circuits (C1, C3) produces a gain set by a capacitorratios determined by C1/C2 and C3/C2. Additionally, the second capacitorcircuit (C2) provides a feedback path for the residue signal (V_(res))of the amplifier circuit (462) to the summing junction at node N404.

As the third capacitor (C3) was shorted to ground during the samplemode, only the first and second capacitor circuits (C1, C2) provide thesampled analog input signal (V_(in)) (factored by a capacitor ratio) tothe amplifier circuit's (462) inverting input through node N404.

The output signal of the amplifier circuit (462) at node N402 is theresidue signal (V_(res)) of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302). Theresidue signal (V_(res)) for this stage is used as the analog inputsignal (V_(in)) to the next stage of the new pipeline ADC (300) in FIG.3.

Another Embodiment of the Invention

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of oneimplementation of the improved 1.5-bit gain stage (302) shown in FIG. 3in accordance with the present invention. Shown in FIG. 6 are a samplingcircuit (620), a D_(i)=−1 hold submode circuit (630), a D_(i)=0 holdsubmode circuit (640), and a D_(i)=1 hold submode (650).

The sampling circuit (620) shown in FIG. 6 includes three capacitorcircuits (C1-C3), and two comparator circuits (602 and 603). The firstcapacitor circuit (C1) is coupled between node N608 and a circuit groundpotential (GND). The second capacitor circuit (C2) also is coupled tonode N608 and a circuit ground potential (GND). The third capacitorcircuit (C3) is coupled between two circuit ground potentials (GND).

The first comparator circuit (602) is coupled to node N608 at thenon-inverting input side, and to a reference signal value Of V_(ref)/4on the inverting input side. The second comparator circuit (603)similarly is coupled to node N608 at the non-inverting input side, andto a reference signal value of −V_(ref)/4 on the inverting input side.

The D_(i)=−1 hold submode circuit (630) shown in FIG. 6 includes threecapacitor circuits (C1-C3), and an amplifier circuit (604A). Theamplifier circuit (604A) is coupled between node N610 on its invertinginput side and node N611 on its output side. The non-inverting input ofthe amplifier circuit (604A) is coupled to a circuit ground potential(GND). The first capacitor circuit (C1) is coupled between node N610 andnode N611. The second and third capacitor circuits (C2, C3) are coupledbetween node N610 and a reference signal corresponding to −V_(ref)/2.

The D_(i)=0 hold submode circuit (640) shown in FIG. 6 includes threecapacitor circuits (C1-C3), and an amplifier circuit (604B). Theamplifier circuit (604B) is coupled between node N612 on its invertinginput side and node N613 on its output side. The non-inverting input ofthe amplifier circuit (604B) is coupled to a circuit ground potential(GND). The third capacitor circuit (C3) is coupled between node N612 andnode N613. The first capacitor circuit (C1) is coupled between node N612and a reference signal corresponding to V_(ref)/2. The second capacitorcircuit (C2) is coupled between node N612 and a reference signalcorresponding to −V_(ref)/2.

The D_(i)=1 hold submode circuit (650) shown in FIG. 6 includes threecapacitor circuits (C1-C3), and an amplifier circuit (604C). Theamplifier circuit (604C) is coupled between node N614 on its invertinginput side and node N615 on its output side. The non-inverting input ofthe amplifier circuit (604C) is coupled to a circuit ground potential(GND). The second capacitor circuit (C2) is coupled between node N614and node N615. The first and third capacitor circuits (C1, C3) arecoupled to node N614 and a reference signal corresponding to V_(ref)/2.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, thecircuits (620, 630, 640, and 650) shown in FIG. 6 may be arranged toshare common components. For example, the capacitors (C1-C3) may bearranged to be shared by employing switching logic substantially similarto that illustrated in FIG. 4 and described above.

Additionally, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in theart, that the operating modes illustrated in FIG. 6 may be implementedin a variety of ways. As disclosed by the present invention, theoperating modes of FIG. 6 may be implemented by other electronic circuitarrangements that provide for a sample mode and a hold mode. Forexample, the operating modes of FIG. 6 may be implemented to besubstantially similar to the operating modes described above for FIG. 4,without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

The circuits illustrated in FIG. 6 have two operating modes, a samplemode, and a hold mode. Only one of the four circuits (620, 630, 640, and650) operate during any one period of time for a given gain stage.

During the sample mode, the sampling circuit (620) in FIG. 6continuously samples an analog input signal (V_(in)) and compares it toreference signals (±V_(ref)/4) to provide digital code bits (D_(i)(N1),D_(i)(N2)).

Operationally, the third capacitor circuit (C3) is fully discharged tothe circuit ground potential (GND). The first and second capacitorcircuits (C1, C2) are coupled to the analog input signal (V_(in)) suchthat they “follow” the input signal. The comparators (602 and 603)compare the analog input signal (V_(in)) to their respective referencesignals (V_(ref)/4 or −V_(ref)/4) to generate the two digital code bits(D_(i)(N1) and D_(i)(N2)). The comparators (602 and 603) generate thetwo digital code bits (D_(i)(N1) and D_(i)(N2)) in a substantiallysimilar manner to that illustrated in FIG. 4 and the accompanying abovediscussion.

The D_(i)=−1 hold submode circuit (630) operates substantially similarto the D_(i)=−1 hold submode described above and illustrated in FIG. 4.The D₁=0 hold submode circuit (640) operates substantially similar tothe D_(i)=0 hold submode described above in FIG. 4 and relateddiscussion. Furthermore, the D_(i)=1 hold submode circuit (650) operatessubstantially similar to the D_(i)=1 hold submode described above inFIG. 4.

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that thepresent invention is not limited to 1.5-bit per stage ADC architectures.For example, the pipeline stages can be configured by varying the numberof bits each stage generates or by employing various number of gainstages for a given overall resolution requirement. As such, the presentinvention may be extended to gain stages generating any number of bitsand thus any number of effective bits (multi-bit pipeline stages)without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.

Features

The present invention has identified that errors may be introduced intothe conversion process by mismatches in the capacitors (C1-C3) of thecircuit and through signal offsets between the inverting andnon-inverting inputs to the comparator circuits.

FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison between the ideal transfercharacteristics of a improved 1.5-bit per stage pipeline ADC withtransition points at ±V_(ref)/4 and transfer characteristics of a1.5-bit per stage pipeline ADC with comparator offset error andcapacitor mismatch error. As shown in the figure, capacitor mismatchesresult in gain error that is illustrated as a non-ideal slope of thetransfer curve. The gain errors typically result in loss of linearityfor analog to digital conversions of the analog input signal (V_(in)).Capacitor mismatch also results in a transition height error (Htr) asshown in FIG. 7.

Comparator offset error is illustrated in FIG. 7 as a shift of thetransition point. Such a shift in the transition point may result inloss of useful analog input range, again reducing the linearity foranalog to digital conversions of the analog input signal (V_(in)). Forexample, as shown in FIG. 7, as point X shifts to point X′, the D_(i)=0operating region shifts, potentially at the expense, or loss, of theD_(i)=1 operating region. Thus, there may exist an increased likelihoodthat values of the analog input signal (V_(in)) will be incorrectlyconverted. Moreover, comparator signal offset error (V_(os)) in earliergain stages in the pipeline may result in an accumulation of errors inlater gain stages such that the gain stages “saturate.” Saturation of again stage produces analog-to-digital conversion errors. The degree ofoffset that can be tolerated before linearity errors arise in the analogto digital conversions of the input signal is known as the comparatoroffset margin.

The present invention identifies a new approach to constructing a1.5-bit stage with improved linearity. The present invention, however,has improved linearity without giving up the comparator offset margin.This may be seen by analyzing the transfer characteristics of thecircuit shown in FIG. 6 for a given D_(i).

For D_(i)=−1:

V _(res)=2·V _(ref)·(Δ1·(−(V _(in) V _(ref))−1)+Δ2·((V _(in) /V_(ref))+½)+Δ3·½+1)  (EQ 2)

For D_(i)=0

V _(res)=2·V _(in) +V _(ref)·(Δ1·(V _(in) /V _(ref)−½)+Δ2·((V _(in) /V_(ref))+½)−Δ3·2V _(in) /V _(ref))  (EQ 3)

For D_(i)=1:

V _(res)=2·V _(in) +V _(ref)·(Δ1·((V_(in) /V _(ref))−½)+Δ2·((−V _(in) /V_(ref))+1)−Δ3·½−1)  (EQ 4)

where Δ1, Δ2, and Δ3 are given by α1/C, α2/C, and α3/C, respectively,for C1=C+α1, C2=C+α2, and C3=C+α3, representing mismatches in therespective capacitor circuits (C1-C3) from a single capacitance value ofC. When the capacitance values for C1-C3 are perfectly matched(C1=C2=C3=C), the above equations (EQ 2-4) reduce to EQ 1 for theappropriate D_(i), and M=1.

Errors in the transition height (Etr) can be obtained by subtracting theresidue expressions from adjacent regions and then comparing it to theideal height (V_(ref)). For the transition between D_(i)=−1 and D_(i)=0,

Etr 1=Δ31·(2V _(in) +V _(ref)/2)/V _(ref),  (EQ 5)

where Δ31=Δ3-Δ1 represents the capacitor mismatch between the thirdcapacitor circuit (C3) and the first capacitor circuit (C1). Similarly,the error in transition height (Etr) for D_(i)=0 and D_(i)=1 is foundas,

Etr 2=Δ23·(2V _(in) −V _(ref)/2)/V _(ref),  (EQ 6)

where Δ23=Δ2-Δ3 represents the capacitor mismatch between the secondcapacitor circuit (C2) and the third capacitor circuit (C3).

When the transition points are kept at ±V_(ref)/4, errors can be foundby evaluating EQ 5 and EQ 6 at ±V_(ref)/4. This results in Etr1=0 andEtr2=0, which shows that the transition errors are eliminated. FIG. 8graphically illustrates EQ 6. The present invention, therefore, haseffectively removed the transitions height errors (Htr) resulting fromthe capacitor mismatches. Even with a deviation in the transition pointfrom the nominal location of ±V_(ref)/4, a significant improvement ismade.

FIG. 8 illustrates that the present invention has virtually eliminatedthe transition height error (Htr) introduced by the capacitormismatches, while maintaining a wide margin for the offset in thetransition points (comparator signal offset margin).

Other Embodiment of the Invention

FIG. 9 illustrates an operational logic diagram illustrating anoperation of another embodiment. Briefly, the k-improved pipeline ADCprocess (1000) shown in the figure is directed at generating aconversion code that is a substantial digital equivalent of the sampledanalog input signal (V_(in)).

As shown in FIG. 9, after a start block, the logic flows to block 1002where a process stage counter (i) is initialized to one corresponding tothe first stage of the k-improved pipeline ADC process (1000). Theprocess then proceeds to block 1004.

At block 1004, an analog input signal (V_(in)) is sampled. The sampledanalog input signal (V_(in)) is often an analog voltage signal. However,the invention is not limited to just sampling voltage signals. Forexample, the signal could be a current signal, without departing fromthe spirit or scope of the invention. The process then proceeds to block1006 to determine an operating region of the analog input signal(V_(in)).

At block 1006, the operating region of the sampled analog input signal(V_(in)) is determined by employing a transfer curve such as illustratedin FIGS. 7 and 10. When the transfer curve illustrated in FIG. 7 isemployed, there are three operating regions. The operating region isdetermined by the location along the x-axis that corresponds to thesampled analog input signal (V_(in)).

A substantially similar process is employed at block 1006 when thetransfer curve illustrated in FIG. 10 determines the operating regionfor the sampled analog input signal. As will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art, the present invention is not limited to thetransfer curves illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 10. For example, theoperating region for the sampled analog input signal may be partitionedinto any number of sub-regions without departing from the spirit orscope of the invention. Once the operating region is determined, theprocess proceeds to block 1008.

At block 1008, the determined operating region of the sampled analoginput signal is employed to compute the digital code bits for stage (i)of the pipeline process. When the transfer curve illustrated in FIG. 7was employed at block 1006, the digital code bits will also bedetermined from FIG. 7. For example, if it was determined that theoperating region for the sampled analog input signal (V_(in)) was thefirst region, then the digital code bits will be set to 00. Similarly,if the transfer curve illustrated in FIG. 10 was employed at block 1006,then FIG. 10 will be employed to determine the digital code bits forstage (i). Upon determination of the digital code bits, the processcontinues to block 1010.

At block 1010, an improved residue signal (V_(res)) is computed forstage (i) of the process. The improved residue signal (V_(res))corresponding to a value along the y-axis that corresponds to the pointon the transfer curve of (x, y)=(V_(in), V_(res)). For example, when thetransfer curve illustrated in FIG. 7 is employed, the improved residuesignal (V_(res)) will be determined from the y-value corresponding tothe sampled analog input signal (V_(in)). A substantially similarprocess is employed for the transfer curve illustrated in FIG. 10. Afterthe improved residue signal (V_(res)) for stage (i) of the process iscomputed, the process proceeds to block 1012.

At block 1012, the process stage counter (i) is incremented. The processcontinues to decision block 1014, where it is determined if the processhas exceeded the desired k stages for the k-improved pipeline ADCprocess (1000). When i is less than or equal to k, the process moves toblock 1018, where the analog input signal (V_(in)) for the next loop ofthe process is set to the improved residue signal (V_(res)) (i−1) thatwas computed at block 1010. The process then proceeds to block 1004, toperform the above process steps for the remaining gain stages.

When it is determined at decision block 1014 that all of the gain stageshave been processed (i>k), the process proceeds to block 1016. At block1016, the one through k computed digital code bits are employed tocompute a conversion code that is a substantial digital equivalent tothe sampled analog input signal. The process then ends after block 1016.

FIG. 10 illustrates a transfer curve of another embodiment of thepresent invention. In the figure, transition points were shifted to±V_(ref)/2, and another transition point is included at V_(in)=0. Thisprovides for comparator signal offset margins of ±V_(ref)/4. As FIG. 10illustrates, there are four operating regions in the transfer curverange. Thus, this embodiment employs three comparator circuits, or threediscrete comparison ranges. With a slope of the transfer curvesremaining at 2=2^(M), for M=1, the effective resolution of each gainstage (302) remains at one bit per stage.

As shown in the figure, the transition points occur at −V_(ref)/2 forD_(i)=−1 (00), 0 for D_(i)=0 (01), and V_(ref)/2 for D_(i)=1 (10).Analog input signals (V_(in)) greater than V_(ref)/2 generate D_(i)=2(11).

FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic diagram for an improved capacitorpipeline ADC (1100) as another embodiment of the improved 1.5-bit gainstage (302) shown in FIG. 3 with the transfer curve illustrated in FIG.10.

As shown in the figure, the improved capacitor pipeline ADC (1100)includes a sampling circuit (1140), a D_(i)=−1 hold submode circuit(1150), a D_(i)=0 hold submode circuit (1160), a D_(i)=1 hold submodecircuit (1170), and a D_(i)=2 hold submode circuit (1180). In thisimplementation, redundancy has been introduced by employing anadditional comparator circuit (1106) in the sampling circuit (1140), andan additional capacitor circuit (C4) in the improved capacitor pipelineADC (1100), such that each capacitor circuit (C1-C4) is selectivelyswitched into a feedback position depending on the operating region ofthe pipeline stage.

The sampling circuit (1140) in FIG. 11 includes four capacitor circuits(C1-C4) and three comparator circuits (1102, 1104, and 1106). As shownin the figure, the first and second capacitor circuits (C1, C2) arecoupled between node N1102 and circuit ground potential (GND). The thirdand fourth capacitor circuits (C3, C4) are shorted to circuit groundpotential (GND) on each side.

The first comparator circuit (1102) is coupled between node N1102 on thenon-inverting input and a reference signal corresponding to V_(ref)/2 onthe inverting input. The second comparator circuit (1104) is coupledbetween node N1102 on the non-inverting input and a reference signalcorresponding to 0 on the inverting input. The third comparator circuit(1106) is coupled between node N1102 on the non-inverting input and areference signal corresponding to −V_(ref)/2 on the inverting input.

The D_(i)=−1 hold submode circuit (1150) includes four capacitorcircuits (C1-C4), and an amplifier circuit (1108). The amplifier circuit(1108) is coupled to node N1104 on the inverting input, circuit groundpotential (GND) on the non-inverting input, and to node N1106 on itsoutput side. The third capacitor circuit (C3) is coupled between nodesN1104 and N1106. The first, second, and fourth capacitor circuits (C1,C2, and C4) are coupled between node N1104 and a reference signal valuecorresponding to −V_(ref)/2.

The D_(i)=0 hold submode circuit (1160) includes four capacitor circuits(C1-C4), and an amplifier circuit (1110). The amplifier circuit (1110)is coupled to node N1108 on the inverting input, circuit groundpotential (GND) on the non-inverting input, and to node N1110 on itsoutput side. The second capacitor circuit (C2) is coupled between nodesN1108 and N1110. The third capacitor circuit (C3) is coupled betweennode N1104 and a reference signal corresponding to V_(ref)/2. The firstand fourth capacitor circuits (C1 and C4) are coupled between node N1108and a reference signal corresponding to −V_(ref)/2.

The D_(i)=1 hold submode circuit (1170) includes four capacitor circuits(C1-C4), and an amplifier circuit (1112). The amplifier circuit (1112)is coupled to node N1112 on the inverting input, circuit groundpotential (GND) on the non-inverting input, and to node N1114 on itsoutput side. The first capacitor circuit (C1) is coupled between nodesN1112 and N1114. The third capacitor circuit (C3) is coupled betweennode N1112 and a reference signal of V_(ref)/2. The second and fourthcapacitor circuits (C2 and C4) are coupled between node N1112 and C) areference signal corresponding to −V_(ref)/2.

The D_(i)=2 hold submode circuit (1180) includes four capacitor circuits(C1-C4), and an amplifier circuit (1114). The amplifier circuit (1114)is coupled to node N1116 on the inverting input, circuit groundpotential (GND) on the non-inverting input, and to node N1118 on itsoutput side. The fourth capacitor circuit (C4) is coupled between nodesN1116 and N1118. The first, second, and third capacitor circuits (C1,C2, and C3) are coupled between node N1116 and a reference signalcorresponding to +V_(ref)/2.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, thesubcircuits (1140, 1150, 1160, 1170, and 1180) of the improved capacitorpipeline ADC (1100) may be arranged to share common components. Forexample the amplifier circuits (1108, 1110, 1112, and 1114), referencesignals (V_(ref)), and capacitor circuits (C1-C4), may all be arrangedto be shared in a common circuit arrangement, without departing from thescope or spirit of the present invention. Moreover, a logic switchingcircuit substantially similar to that of FIG. 4 may be arranged toprovide for the operation of the submodes of the improved capacitorpipeline ADC (1100) of FIG. 11.

The operation of the sampling circuit (1140) in FIG. 11 is substantiallysimilar to the sampling circuit (620) in FIG. 6. However, the samplingcircuit (1140) discharges two capacitor circuits (C3, C4) to groundduring its operation and generates three digital code bits D_(i)(N1, N2,N3) based on the following comparisons (as illustrated in the transfercurve of FIG. 10):

D _(i)=2(11), for V _(in) >V _(ref)/2,

D _(i)=1(10), for V _(ref)/2>V _(in)>0,

D _(i)=0(00), for 0>V _(in) >−V _(ref)/2, and

D _(i)=−1(00), for −V _(ref)/2>V _(in).

Operationally, the first comparator circuit (1102) is directed atgenerating the first digital code bit (D_(i)(N1)), the second comparatorcircuit (1104) is directed at generating the second digital code bit(D_(i)(N2)), and the third comparator circuit (1106) is directed atgenerating a third digital code bit (D_(i)(N3)).

The operation of the hold submodes circuits in FIG. 11 are substantiallysimilar to the hold submode circuits in FIG. 6. However, in FIG. 11,there is one additional hold submode, dividing the transition operatingregions for the analog input signal (V_(in)) into four submodes ratherthan three as illustrated in FIG. 6.

The errors in transition heights (Etr) between adjacent operatingregions may be determined by analyzing the improved capacitor pipelineADC (1100) in FIG. 11, in a similar manner as above. For the transitionbetween D_(i)=−1 and 0,

Etr 1=Δ23·(2V _(in) +V _(ref))/V _(ref)  (EQ 7)

where Δ23=Δ2-Δ3 represents the mismatch between the capacitor circuitsC2 and C3. Similarly, for D_(i)=0 and D_(i)=1,

Etr 2=Δ12·2V _(in) /V _(ref)  (EQ 8)

where Δ12=Δ1-Δ2 represents the mismatch between capacitor circuits C1and C2. Additionally, for the transition between D_(i)=1 and D_(i)=2,

Etr3=Δ14·(−2V _(in) +V _(ref))/V _(ref)  (EQ 9)

where Δ14=Δ1-Δ4 represents the mismatch between capacitor circuits C1and C4.

Evaluating EQ 7, EQ 8, and EQ 9 at their nominal transition points of−V_(ref)/2, 0, and V_(ref)/2, respectively, the transition height error(Htr) is found to have been reduced to 0.

In the above illustrations, the switching circuits (SW1-SW11) have beenillustrated using the simple toggle switch symbol. However, in light ofthe above disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize that theinvention is not limited to such implementation. For example, theswitching circuits (SW1-SW11) could be implemented using a MOSFET, aBJT, a thyristor, GTOs, diode, or any other type of circuit that has aselectable conduction cycle and isolation cycle.

Moreover, the capacitor circuits (C1-C3, and C4) in the aboveillustrations were shown as separate capacitor circuits. In light of theabove disclosure, however, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe invention is not limited to such implementation. For example, thecapacitor circuits (C1-C3, and C4) could be one or more capacitors thatare arranged in parallel, series, a combination of parallel and seriesconnections, or may consist of an electronic circuit arranged to operateas capacitor circuits. Moreover, the feedback capacitor circuit in theabove illustrations could be arranged to provide a capacitance valuedifferent from the other capacitors in the embodiment.

While the above illustrations show single-ended implementations, thepresent invention is not so limited. For example, FIGS. 3, 4, 6, and 11may be extended to fully differential implementations, without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the invention. That is, FIG. 3 may beextended to a differential implementation by including a negative analoginput signal (−V_(in)), and a negative residue signal (−V_(res)). FIG. 4may be extended to a differential implementation by including a negativeanalog input signal (−V_(in)), and replacing the amplifier circuit's(462) non-inverting input with substantially similar circuitry to thatshown as providing the input to the amplifier circuit's (462) invertinginput. Additionally, the amplifier circuit (462) would include a secondoutput, negative residue signal (−V_(res)). Moreover, FIGS. 4, 6, and 11may be extended in a similar manner.

The above specification, examples, and data provide a completedescription of the manufacture and use of the composition of theinvention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention, the inventionresides in the claims hereinafter appended.

By way of illustration, one embodiment of an apparatus for producingdigital output signals from a differential analog input signal in apipelined converter that includes a sample mode and a hold mode, thedifferential analog input signal including a positive input signal(+V_(in)) and a negative input signal (−V_(in)) includes first, second,third, fourth, fifth, and sixth capacitor circuits (C1-C6). The firstcapacitor circuit (C1) is coupled to the differential analog inputsignal during the sample mode such that the first capacitor circuit (C1)is charged by the positive input signal (+V_(in)). The second capacitorcircuit (C2) is coupled to the differential analog input signal duringthe sample mode such that the second capacitor circuit (C2) is chargedby the positive input signal (+V_(in)). The third capacitor circuit (C3)is coupled to a circuit ground potential during the sample mode suchthat the third capacitor (C3) is discharged. The fourth capacitorcircuit (C4) is coupled to the differential analog input signal duringthe sample mode such that the fourth capacitor circuit (C4) is chargedby the negative input signal (−V_(in)). The fifth capacitor circuit (C5)is coupled to the differential analog input signal during the samplemode such that the fifth capacitor circuit (C5) is charged by thenegative input signal (−V_(in)). The sixth capacitor circuit (C6) iscoupled to a circuit ground potential during the sample mode such thatthe sixth capacitor (C6) is discharged.

The apparatus also includes a comparator circuit that is coupled to thedifferential analog input signal, and first and second samplingreference signals that are pre-selected to minimize transition heighterrors, the comparator circuit provides an output code in response tothe differential analog input signal and the first and second samplingreference signals. The output code corresponds to one of at least threeoperating regions for the differential analog input signals during thesample mode. The apparatus further includes a differential amplifiercircuit that includes a first input, a second input, and first andsecond outputs that are arranged to provide a positive residue signal(+V_(res)) and a negative residue signal (−V_(res)), respectively,during the hold mode, wherein the positive and negative residue signals(+/−V_(res)) comprise a differential residue signal in the pipelinedconverter. Moreover, the apparatus includes a first selection circuitthat is arranged to couple a selected one of the first, second, andthird capacitance circuits between the first input and the first outputof the differential amplifier circuit in response to the output codeduring the hold mode. A second selection circuit is also included in theapparatus and is arranged to couple the other of the first, second, andthird capacitor circuits between a respective hold reference signal andthe first input of the differential amplifier circuit. The holdreference signals and the selected capacitor are determined by theoutput code. Furthermore, a third selection circuit is included that isarranged to couple a selected one of the fourth, fifth, and sixthcapacitance circuits between the second input and the second output ofthe differential amplifier circuit in response to the output code duringthe hold mode. Additionally, a fourth selection circuit is included thatis arranged to couple the other of the fourth, fifth, and sixthcapacitor circuits between a respective hold reference signal and thesecond input of the differential amplifier circuit. The hold referencesignals and the selected capacitor are determined by the output code.

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for producing digital output signals from ananalog input signal in a pipelined stage that includes a sample mode anda hold mode, the apparatus comprising: a first capacitor circuit that iscoupled to the analog input signal during the sample mode such that thefirst capacitor circuit is charged by the analog input signal; a secondcapacitor circuit that is coupled to the analog input signal during thesample mode such that the second capacitor circuit is charged by theanalog input signal; a third capacitor circuit that is coupled to acircuit ground potential during the sample mode such that the thirdcapacitor is discharged; a comparator circuit that is coupled to theanalog input signal, and first and second sampling reference signalsthat are pre-selected to minimize transition height errors, thecomparator circuit providing an output code in response to the analoginput signal and the first and second sampling reference signals,wherein the output code correspond to one of at least three operatingregions for the analog input signal during the sample mode; an amplifiercircuit that is coupled to the first, second, and third capacitancecircuits during the hold mode; a first selection circuit that isarranged to couple a selected one of the first, second, and thirdcapacitance circuits between an input and an output of the amplifiercircuit in response to the output code during the hold mode; and asecond selection circuit that is arranged to couple the other of thecapacitor circuits between a respective hold reference signal and theinput of the amplifier circuit, wherein the hold reference signals andthe selected capacitor are determined by the output code, and the outputof the amplifier circuit during the hold mode corresponds to a residuesignal in a pipelined converter.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe capacitor circuits each have capacitance values that aresubstantially the same.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of thehold reference signals correspond to one of the values of +V_(ref)/2 and−V_(ref)/2, wherein V_(ref) corresponds to the absolute value of themaximum conversion range of the analog input signal.
 4. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the first and second sampling reference signalscorrespond to +V_(ref)/4 and −V_(ref)/4.
 5. The apparatus as in claim 1,further comprising a fourth capacitor circuit that is coupled to thecircuit ground potential during the sample mode such that the fourthcapacitor is discharged, a third sampling reference signal that iscoupled to the comparator circuit, wherein the comparator circuit isarranged to provide an output code in response to the analog inputsignal, and the first, second and third sampling reference signals suchthat the output code corresponds to one of at least four operatingregions for the analog input signal during the sample mode, the firstselection circuit is arranged to couple a selected one of the first,second, third and fourth capacitance circuits between an input and anoutput of the amplifier circuit in response to the output code, and thesecond selection circuit is arranged to couple the other of thecapacitor circuits between a respective hold reference signal and theinput of the amplifier circuit, wherein the hold reference signals andthe selected capacitor are determined by the output code, and the outputof the amplifier circuit during the hold mode corresponds to a residuesignal in a pipelined converter.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, whereinthe third sampling reference signal corresponds to the circuit groundpotential.
 7. The apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the output codeincludes a number of effective bits and each of the effective bits isassociated with a corresponding operating region for the analog inputsignal during the sample mode.
 8. An apparatus in claim 1, wherein theanalog input signal is a differential signal and the residue signal isanother differential signal.
 9. A circuit for minimizing the effects ofcapacitor mismatch errors in a conversion code generated by ak-pipelined analog to digital converter in response to an analog inputsignal, the circuit comprising: k pipeline stages that are arranged insequence such that an input signal to each subsequent pipeline stage isprovided by a residue signal from a preceding pipeline stage, eachpipeline stage including a plurality of capacitors, a comparisoncircuit, an amplifier circuit, wherein one of the plurality ofcapacitors is coupled to a ground potential during a sampling mode, andone of the plurality of capacitors is selectively switched into afeedback position of the amplifier circuit during a hold mode, thecomparison circuit is arranged to produce a plurality of digital codebits, and the amplifier provides the residue signal in response to theinput signal such that the plurality of digital code bits correspond toan operating region of the input signal, and a plurality of transitionpoints define the operating regions such that transition height errorsthat occur from capacitor mismatches are minimized; and a decoder logiccircuit that is arranged to produce a conversion code in response to theplurality of digital code bits from each of the k pipeline stages.
 10. Amethod for converting an analog input signal to a conversion code, in aconverter with multiple pipelined stages, each pipelined stage includinga plurality of capacitor circuits, comprising: sampling the analog inputsignal from one of the analog input signal and an improved residuesignal from a preceding one of the pipelined stages to produce a sampledanalog signal, wherein at least one capacitor circuit of the pluralityof capacitor circuits is coupled to a ground potential during samplingof the analog input signal; comparing the sampled analog signal totransition points on a transfer curve, wherein the transition points arearranged to partition an analog input range into multiple operatingregions; providing a digital code in response to the comparison betweenthe sampled analog signal and the transition points such that thedigital code corresponds to a selected one of the multiple operatingregions; producing an improved residue signal in response to the digitalcode and the sampled analog input signal such that the improved residuesignal corresponds to a point along the transfer curve in the selectedone of the multiple operating regions; and computing the conversion codefrom the digital codes from each stage in the pipelined converter, suchthat offset margins in the transfer curve that occur at the transitionpoints are retained, and transition height errors that occur at thetransition points are eliminated.
 11. A method as in claim 10, whereinthe step of comparing the sampled analog signal to transition pointsincludes comparing the sampled analog signal to a first transition pointthat corresponds to V_(ref)/4 and comparing the sampled analog signal toa second transition point that corresponds to −V_(ref)/4, and thetransition points define three operating regions.
 12. A method as inclaim 10, wherein the step of comparing the sampled analog signal totransition points includes comparing the sampled analog signal to afirst transition point that corresponds to V_(ref)/2, comparing thesampled analog signal to a second transition point that corresponds tozero, and comparing the sampled analog signal to a third transitionpoint that corresponds to −V_(ref)/2 such that the transition pointsdefine four operating regions.
 13. An apparatus for converting an analoginput signal to a conversion code, in a converter with multiplepipelined stages, each pipelined stage including a plurality ofcapacitors means, the apparatus comprising: a means for sampling that isarranged to sample the analog input signal from one of the analog inputsignal and an improved residue signal from a preceding one of thepipelined stages to produce a sampled analog signal, wherein onecapacitor means of the plurality of capacitor means in the samplingpipelined stage is coupled to a ground potential during sampling of theanalog input signal; a means for comparing that is arranged to comparethe sampled analog signal to transition points on a transfer curve,wherein the transition points are arranged to partition an analog inputrange into multiple operating regions; a means for providing that isarranged to provide a digital code in response to the comparison betweenthe sampled analog signal and the transition points such that thedigital code corresponds to a selected one of the multiple operatingregions; a means for producing that is arranged to produce an improvedresidue signal in response to the digital code and the sampled analoginput signal such that the improved residue signal corresponds to apoint along the transfer curve in the selected one of the multipleoperating regions; and a means for computing that is arranged to computethe conversion code from the digital codes from each stage in thepipelined converter, such that offset margins in the transfer curve thatoccur at the transition points are retained, and errors that occur atthe transition points are minimized.
 14. An apparatus as in claim 13,wherein the means for comparing includes a means for comparing that isarranged to compare the sampled analog signal to a first transitionpoint that corresponds to V_(ref)/4 and a second means for comparingthat is arranged to compare the sampled analog signal to a secondtransition point that corresponds to −V_(ref)/4, such that the first andsecond the transition points define three operating regions.
 15. Anapparatus as in claim 13, wherein the means for comparing includes ameans for comparing that is arranged to compare the sampled analogsignal to a first transition point that corresponds to V_(ref)/2, asecond means for comparing that is arranged to compare the sampledanalog signal to a second transition point that corresponds to zero, anda means for comparing that is arranged to compare the sampled analogsignal to a third transition point that corresponds to −V_(ref)/2 suchthat the first, second, and third transition points define fouroperating regions.
 16. An apparatus in claim 13, wherein the errors thatare minimized include at least one of a transition height error, a gainerror, and a pipeline stage saturation error that occur as a result ofcapacitor mismatches.